Characteristics of Juvenile offenders Research Paper

Attributes of Juvenile guilty parties - Research Paper Example This age is liable to state laws whereby various nations or states have this age set between 17 to 18 years on general footing. In any case, in instances of genuine wrongdoing for example murder or instances of rape, the age section may accept a lower age restricting bar. The fundamental point of taking an adolescent in court isn't to ingrain discipline on the guilty party but instead to build up measures that target restoring them for them to return to the general public and be gainful. The demonstration offense being referred to is typically named as reprobate as opposed to criminal (Aaron, 2000). In extraordinary cases a few states have been compelled to build up adolescent jail offices because of the idea of the offense submitted regardless of the offender’s age. These youngsters can be distinguished by their different attributes some of which are evident while others are definitely not. The significant reasons for the regularly rising instances of adolescent wrongdoers ar e their consistently expanding propensities for being defiant, broad communications and the high paces of separation. Adolescent guilty parties will in general display standoffish conduct which is combined with estrangement. This is the place the adolescent takes part in practices that are not in accordance with social ethics just as guidelines. The greater part of these practices lead to dye of harmony in the group of the guilty parties just as the network in which they live. Delinquents as a rule wind up associated with drugs which increment their odds of submitting offenses to others in the general public. Firearm ownership is another regular extravagance they wind up in. A significant number of these youngsters abide in neighborhoods that are disconnected and least watched by law authorization specialists and therefore they may whenever have an illicit gun. This therefore builds the degree of weakness in these zones (Balnave, et al. 2003). Such people group experience high homicide and crime percentages due to having

Two-way Communication, With Both Parties Able To Express Themselves On

Two-path correspondence, with the two gatherings ready to communicate on the most profound established issues and truly hear the other, is vital to change in a family business. That was the essential issue of John Messervey's location to the Family Business focus, September 9, 1997 at the Springfield Sheraton. Messervey, of the National Family Business Council in Lake Forest, Illinois, accepts that about each privately-owned company will profit by changeand that the individuals who went to are prepared to catalyze that procedure: You are here since you need something to change. The particulars will differ from business to business; in ongoing cases, Messervey experienced these wants: a child needed his dad to put resources into another venture; a mother was blamed by her kid for intruding; a kin searched for approaches to keep his sibling from estranging key representatives; another kin was inquired to quit imagining she's working. Messervey's examination focused on the family, which he sees as the model for all association; business designs are only an expansion of the jobs happened in relational peculiarities. In each family there will be clients for changethose who remain to profit by stirring things up, regularly the family substitutes or the individuals who feel disappointed. Be that as it may, there are moreover gatekeepers of business as usual, who like things simply the manner in which they are and vivaciously secure their turf. One of Messervey's customers thought about change in his family to bowling in sand. Each family has its own arrangement of legends, jobs, and rules or customs. In any case, at the same time, there are privileged insights and unspeakables; these concealed disgraces are the activity focuses for change To illustrate, Messervey demonstrated a short clasp from Ruler of Tides, indicating a pointedly broken family. Scratch Nolte plays a spouse who hinders his better half's each endeavor to raise significant issues. And yet, he and his own mother have some genuine incomplete business to take care ofdeep and dull unspeakableswhich makes each collaboration between them run up against a mass of common threatening vibe. In Nolte's anecdotal family, as in some other, the individuals who are overlooked discover a way to carry on and be taken note. What's more, since relatives know better than any other person the most effective method to hit the hot catches that will get a response from other relatives, the stakes can be entirely high. At the point when you realize how to get somebody extremely irate, you risk beginning a durable quarrel that could run for quite a long time. In any case Messervey remarks, they should have truly thought about one another; you don't battle on the off chance that you couldn't care less. He accepts a considerable lot of the senseless contradictions among relatives are to include heat. After some time, all connections cool. These little starts are an approach to keep the relationship new and intriguing, considerably following 50 years or more, as Messervey showed with a subsequent video cut, from For Better or For Worsewhere, regardless of 56 years of glad marriage, a couple despite everything can't relinquish an antiquated minor contention. However, that family had the option to transparently air their difference. In families with more profound issues, endeavors at correspondence are consistently repelled. Messervey cited humanist Carl Whittaker's book, The Family Crucible: Why, despite a real want to change, does a family hold backIf a family has attempted more than once to change and has met just agony and disappointment, making still another endeavor can have alarming overtonesWhat in the event that they truly tryand flop once more? What is left with the exception of absolute misery? The family recoils in dread; they battle against the change which they realize they should endeavor. Be that as it may, don't confound dread by undermined relatives of starting change with protection from change by the individuals who will lose power: that opposition, says Messervey, is an indication that things are working. Change is unavoidable and the watchmen of business as usual are frantically attempting to square it. They feel the pressure, the need to recognize the issues; the call for change can no more be basically hidden away from plain view. Truth be told, the floor covering is swelling so high off the floorto stretch the representation a piece fartherthat somebody had better accomplish something before there's a risk suit to battle with. A few families have overlooked such a significant number of little issues that, similar to a thick backwoods that needs a colossal fire to clear out Two-route Communication, With Both Parties Able To Express Themselves On Two-route correspondence, with the two gatherings ready to communicate on the most profound established issues and truly hear the other, is critical to change in a family business. That was the main issue of John Messervey's location to the Family Business focus, September 9, 1997 at the Springfield Sheraton. Messervey, of the National Family Business Council in Lake Forest, Illinois, accepts that about each privately-run company will profit by changeand that the individuals who went to are prepared to catalyze that procedure: You are here since you need something to change. The points of interest will differ from business to business; in late cases, Messervey experienced these wants: a child needed his dad to put resources into another undertaking; a mother was blamed by her youngster for interfering; a kin searched for approaches to keep his sibling from offending key representatives; another kin was inquired to quit imagining she's working. Messervey's examination focused on the family, which he sees as the model for all association; business designs are only an expansion of the jobs happened in relational peculiarities. In each family there will be clients for changethose who remain to profit by stirring things up, frequently the family substitutes or the individuals who feel disappointed. However, there are moreover gatekeepers of the norm, who like things simply the manner in which they are and overwhelmingly secure their turf. One of Messervey's customers analyzed change in his family to bowling in sand. Each family has its own arrangement of legends, jobs, and rules or customs. However, at the same time, there are privileged insights and unspeakables; these shrouded disgraces are the activity focuses for change To illustrate, Messervey demonstrated a short clasp from Sovereign of Tides, indicating a pointedly useless family. Scratch Nolte plays a spouse who hinders his better half's each endeavor to raise significant issues. And yet, he and his own mother have some genuine incomplete business to take care ofdeep and dull unspeakableswhich makes each collaboration between them run up against a mass of common threatening vibe. In Nolte's anecdotal family, as in some other, the individuals who are overlooked discover a way to carry on and be taken note. What's more, since relatives know better than any other individual step by step instructions to hit the hot catches that will get a response from other relatives, the stakes can be entirely high. At the point when you realize how to get somebody extremely angry, you risk beginning a dependable quarrel that could run for a considerable length of time. Yet Messervey remarks, they should have truly thought about one another; you don't battle on the off chance that you couldn't care less. He accepts a significant number of the senseless differences among relatives are to include heat. After some time, all connections cool. These little starts are an approach to keep the relationship new and fascinating, considerably following 50 years or more, as Messervey exhibited with a subsequent video cut, from For Better or For Worsewhere, in spite of 56 years of glad marriage, a couple despite everything can't relinquish an old minor contention. In any case, that family had the option to straightforwardly air their difference. In families with more profound issues, endeavors at correspondence are ceaselessly rebuked. Messervey cited humanist Carl Whittaker's book, The Family Crucible: Why, notwithstanding a certified want to change, does a family hold backIf a family has attempted over and again to change and has met just agony and disappointment, making still another endeavor can have alarming overtonesWhat on the off chance that they truly tryand flop once more? What is left with the exception of absolute hopelessness? The family recoils in dread; they battle against the change which they realize they should endeavor. In any case, don't befuddle dread by undermined relatives of starting change with protection from change by the individuals who will lose power: that obstruction, says Messervey, is an indication that things are working. Change is up and coming and the gatekeepers of the state of affairs are urgently attempting to square it. They feel the pressure, the need to recognize the issues; the call for change can no more be essentially hidden where no one will think to look. Truth be told, the floor covering is swelling so high off the floorto stretch the analogy a piece fartherthat somebody had better accomplish something before there's an obligation suit to fight with. A few families have overlooked such a significant number of little issues that, similar to a thick woodland that needs a tremendous fire to clear out

Blog Archive Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT Sloan) Essay Analysis, 20152016

Blog Archive Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT Sloan) Essay Analysis, 2015â€"2016 *Please note: You are viewing an essay analysis from the 2015-2016 admissions cycle.  Click here to view our collection of essay analyses for the current admissions season.   We imagine that any applicants to the MIT Sloan School of Management this year who were familiar with the school’s essay questions for last year breathed a huge sigh of relief when they saw that the “write your own recommendation letter” prompt had disappeared. However, after enjoying that sigh of relief, they probably found themselves a little perplexedâ€"what happened to all the essays? Yes, MIT Sloan seems to have made its essays disappear… or did it? In some ways, candidates are still facing the possibility of writing three essays, though one is only required of candidates who are invited to interview, and another is “optional.” Why is “optional” in quotation marks? Well, we expect that with just 500 words in which to discuss a single recent accomplishment, most applicants will feel that they have a lot more to say, and the optional essay is the only place left to say it! Our analysis follows… We have one required essay at the time of submission: Tell us about a recent success you had: How did you accomplish this? Who else was involved? What hurdles did you encounter? What type of impact did this have? (500 words or fewer) We must start our analysis of this question by focusing on the word “recent.” What does recent mean in this context? We would presume that it generally means within the past year, but given that MIT Sloan does not explicitly say “within the past year,” you can of course use your discretion. The key here is that the admissions committee wants to learn about the contemporary version of you, so you should avoid hearkening too far back in your professional history, because then you would be discussing a version of yourself that you no longer are. In short, Sloan wants to hear about an experience that reflects your current abilities. With only 500 words to tell your story, you do not have space to “wind up” your narrative by offering a lengthy introduction. Just launch right into your story, and let it do the work for you. From the beginning, focus on explaining what you did rather than offering broad statements about how you were performing. Your job is to make an impression on your reader, and this is directly tied to the reader’s ability to visualize what you have achieved. If your essay is just a collection of declarative statementsâ€"“I am an effective leader because I take charge of challenging situations”â€"your admissions reader will have no proof that you are in fact what you say you are. The details you provide will serve as this necessary evidence. One of MIT Sloan’s questions within this prompt is particularly crucial: “What hurdles did you encounter?” If you faced no obstacles along your path to success, then your accomplishment was not really much of a success after all, because you did not have to earn it. As you write your narrative, show that you pushed yourself and overcame challengesâ€"that you fought for your win. If your story has no arc, you will not ultimately reveal much about your character. Of course, your story should not be about fighting people but about contending with challenges, whether timing, budgetary, interpersonal, or otherwise. You do not need to have been radical in your approach to overcoming difficulties and setbacks, but showing that you were creative or industrious is recommended. For this essay, the path to achievement is just as important as the achievement itself. A second (short-answer) question will be asked of those invited to interview: The mission of the MIT Sloan School of Management is to develop principled, innovative leaders who improve the world and to generate ideas that advance management practice. Please share with us something about your past that aligns with this mission. (250 words or fewer) A word to the wise: carefully consider this question as you write your other essay(s). You do not want to submit your other essay(s), receive an invitation to interview, and then discover that you have no compelling stories left to share for this essay because you have already used them allâ€"perhaps via the optional essay, in particular. Thinking optimistically, you will need to reserve this space for later. In short, you are applying to MIT Sloan with the intention of being accepted, so anticipate that you will get that interview invitation along the way. Now, you may read this essay question and think, “Can I really provide an anecdote that will lead someone to conclude that I ‘improve the world’ or ‘generate ideas that advance management practice’?” That indeed sounds like a tall order, but this essay prompt is not as daunting as it may seem, because the focus is on the future. Sloan’s admissions committee is asking you to draw on past experience to show that you are prepared to support the school’s mission going forward. Rather than fretting about the latter part of the question, focus on the first part, and provide examples of how you have displayed principled or innovative leadership. The phrasing of the question is broad enough that your examples can come from the professional, community, or personal sphere. All these areas are equally valid. What is important is that you offer a clear narrative, so thatâ€"again!â€"your reader is able to truly visualize your actions and motivations. The admissions committee wants to learn about you through your stories, not hear platitudes about management. As you share your story, remember to connect it to the school’s mission at the end of your essay, clearly linking your stories to the school’s goal statement. Before your hands even touch the keyboard, really contemplate how your experiences relate to that mission. We will also continue to ask the open-ended, optional question: The Admissions Committee invites you to share anything else you would like us to know about you, in any format. If you choose to use a multimedia format, please host the information on a website and provide us the URL. Don’t we all just love a blank page?! (Note the sarcasm.) Answering this question is not absolutely necessary, but doing so is probably wise. How can you know for sure whether you need to? Before you start writing your response to any of the school’s essay questions, brainstorm thoroughly and create a list of experiences and aspects of your candidacy that you believe are important for the admissions committee to know about you. Then, as you contemplate and craft your essays for the first two questions, cross the ideas you choose off your list of potential stories and points. If a few items remain on your list that you believe are crucial to reveal to the admissions committee, then you should most likely write this “essay.” Sloan’s admissions committee states that you may use any format for this submission. Perhaps in expectation that many applicants will choose to submit a video, an admissions representative specified that such recordings should be no longer than one minute. (If you would like to see how others have approached this option, simply search YouTube for “MIT Optional Essay,” and you will find numerous past submissions.) That said, however, do not feel that you must use some form of multimediaâ€"and certainly do not just copy and paste your creative essay for NYU Stern or your Chicago Booth PowerPoint. Start by brainstorming and determining what you want to say as an applicantâ€"what you feel the admissions committee really needs to understand about youâ€"and then decide which vehicle most appropriately matches your personality and message. That vehicle just might be another conventional essay. The key is to effectively convey additional information that highlights your personality, no t to win an Oscar. And keep in mind that Sloan itself has noted that a strong optional essay can serve to differentiate two similarly competitive applicants, but it alone cannot get a weak candidate in. And for a thorough exploration of the MIT Sloan  academic program/merits, defining characteristics, crucial statistics, social life, academic environment and more, please check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guide to the  MIT Sloan School of Management. The Next Stepâ€"Mastering Your MIT Sloan  Interview:  Many MBA candidates find admissions interviews stressful and intimidating, but mastering this important element of the application process is definitely possibleâ€"the key is informed preparation. And, on your way to this high level of preparation, we offer our  free Interview Primers  to spur you along! Download your free copy of the MIT Sloan School of Management Interview Primer  today. Share ThisTweet 2015-2016 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Sloan) MBA Essay Analysis

“Aggression is necessary for survival Discuss. Base your...

ESSAY TITLE: â€Å"Aggression is necessary for survival: Discuss. Base your answer on psychological theories and models introduced in class.† ABSTRACT Basing itself on the fact that one of the fundamental purposes of the United Nations is to maintain international peace and security and to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace.( See attachment 1). The next two paragraphs, are from headlined front page cover article as appeared in the (Sunday Times Magazine-03/04/2011): ‘Your typical, stressed, panicky westerner is in constant alarm mode. It’s the fault of our caveman brains again. We are designed to have a†¦show more content†¦Aggression can also be directed inward taking the form of group violence by individuals or nations. It may be a response to any number of factors including fear, injustice, pain, threat, invasion, lack of control, feelings inadequate or frustrated. Categories Aggression is something that is seen in all walks of life being that its one of the defining characteristics humans have in common with other species within the animal kingdom. It is both an emotional reaction intending to harm- an act of hostility, and, a means of maintaining social order. Just as animals compete over food, mates and homes, to establish their superiority, human beings mainly young males in particular fight for respect, resources and acceptance as partners in relationships pursuing these goals by boasting, bragging, showing off and humiliating other competing males. There are a number of psychological theories and models that have been advanced to explain aggression. In the main they fall under two broad categories. 1) Instinctive, and, 2) Learned response theories In psychological term, aggression refers to a range of behaviours resulting in both physical and psychological harm to oneself, others or objects in the environment occurring in a number of ways, including: 1) Physical, 2) Verbal, 3) Mental, and, 4) Emotional. Instinctive response theories The first theoryShow MoreRelatedMID TERM STUDY GUIDE Essay16611 Words   |  67 PagesAll of the above *** 4. Family conditions that promote resilience include: (11) a. few alternative caretakers. b. older mothers for resilient males. c. opportunities to participate*** d. a strong sense of political commitment. 5. According to your text, some of the things that cause our children problems are the following: (www) (7) a. the changing world, values, and crises *** b. too much sugar and starch in their diets c. a competitive environment d. the focus on self-esteem 6. One ofRead MorePsychology Workbook Essay22836 Words   |  92 Pages |Page(s) | |1.2 What processes do scientists use to answer questions about behavior and mental processes (pp. 7-8)? | | Key Terms scientific method -A self-correcting process for asking questions and observing natures answers; relies on collecting data, generating a theory to explain, producing testable hypothesis based on the theory and then testing those hypotheses empirically. Exercises 1. What is the mainRead MoreEffect of Broken Home19368 Words   |  78 PagesAcademic Perfomance of Students Coming from Broken Homes CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study: Broken homes are experience by some of the students not only with those in poverty line families but same goes to middle and higher class families. 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Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designationsRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagesprint number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 LIMITED PHOTOCOPY LICENSE The Publisher grants to individual purchasers of this book nonassignable permission to reproduce the appendices of this book. This license is limited to you, the individual purchaser, for use with your own cl ients and patients. It does not extend to additional clinicians or practice settings, nor does purchase by an institution constitute a site license. This license does not grant the right to reproduce these materials for resale, redistributionRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. 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Washington s Views On Racial Segregation - 1857 Words

In his 1901 autobiography Up From Slavery author, educator, and orator Booker T. Washington chronicles his rise from Virginia slave to President of Tuskegee Institute. The work outlines Washington’s roadmap for racial uplift which is centered on agricultural and industrial education. Washington argued that hard work and virtuous living — traits instilled African Americans during slavery— would demonstrate the value African Americans possessed to the South and the nation. Operating within the political realities of the time, Washington was able to mobilize a coalition of middle-class blacks, church leaders, white philanthropists, and politicians from the North and South to build Tuskegee Institute and his vision for the African American community. However, Washington’s strategy asked for African Americans to put aside immediate demands for voting and the end of racial segregation. Washington’s willingness to publicly side step these civil rights iss ues to advocate for slow progress towards true equality earned him powerful critics such as NAACP president W.E.B. DuBois and journalist William Trotter. By the time of Washington’s death in 1915, Jim Crow laws entrenched segregation throughout the South. Washington’s plan for racial uplift was pragmatic and realistic. However, his advocacy for dignity in labor played into white stereotypes that black men and women were made solely for labor. Washington burst onto the national scene after his address at the Atlanta Cotton StatesShow MoreRelatedThe Gilded Age1542 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscrimination. Many groups and individuals attempted to make changes for black Americans but few were successful. 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Case Study Girls Inc. - 1478 Words

Micro Case Paper I had the privilege to work with Girls Incorporated of Tarrant County agency. Girls Incorporated of Tarrant County referred to as Girls Inc is a national non-profit youth organization. Girls Inc’ mission is to inspire all girls to be strong, smart and bold. This agency has been a great place for most girls from age 6 to 18 since they opened in 1976. For more than 65 years, Girls Inc. has provided integral educational programs to millions of American girls, especially those in disreputable and high risks areas. Moreover, Girls Inc offers nationally researched programs that motivate girls to confront and master their intellectual, physical and emotional challenges. Most importantly, this agency is not only dedicated to inspire the girls to be strong, smart and bold, but also strive to reach out to them in order to provide proper care and better serve them. Even though Girls’ Inc first name was originally Arlington Girls Club with a mission of providing as sistance to girls at a center located in East Arlington, they have flourished tremendously. Now, they became an outreach agency and a multisite organization serving hundreds of girls on a daily basis and over 11,00 annually. In this paper, I will first summarize my assessment information by first enumerating several aspects relating to one particular girl in the group of girls I interacted with at YWLA, summarize the goal planning, the intervention plan, and the actual intervention. I will also describe myShow MoreRelatedEssay Truth about Teen Pregnancy1285 Words   |  6 Pagesare still higher in 1993 then they were in 1963. In 1963, the case of Abington vs. Schempp, the United States Supreme Court banned school prayer and bible reading in school. Since then our nation has experienced increasing pregnancy rates. (Bennett, 1). 2. 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Zero Tolerance Essay Research Paper Zero ToleranceTo free essay sample

Zero Tolerance Essay, Research Paper Zero Tolerance To the best of my cognition on the topic the nothing tolerance regulation is a really good regulation, because there is no room for mistake on the portion of the condemnable justness systemand there is no room for a deceptive alibi. So the nothing tolerance policy is good. For illustration, say a individual pulls a fire dismay merely to acquire out of a category. The principal would suspend the pupil for 3 to 5 yearss and he/she would make 5 to 15 hour. of Fire Prevention School for that offense, but now what if that individual is a really good prevaricator, they could misdirect the principal non to suspend them by possibly naming it an accident. Now, the chief negotiations to the fire section and gets him out of the Fire Prevention School. So what sort of illustration is that puting? It says, a good prevaricator can acquire away with anything. We will write a custom essay sample on Zero Tolerance Essay Research Paper Zero ToleranceTo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So in that instance, Zero tolerance is really good. It sets an illustration, but on the other manus, the individual who pulled the dismay by mistake gets suspended and 5-15 hour of school. But there are ever inocent peopleaffected by every jurisprudence but still it does protect agenst misleading and decietful people. In my eyes the penalty fits the offense, no affair if the offense was a error. Another illustration could possible be made. For illustration if you hit a kid on a motorcycle, allow s state he swerves torward you and you could nt halt and the kid dies. Then you are charged with Involentary Manslaughter so some inocent people ever get hurt. But now lets say the auto hit the kid on intent so if the zero tolerance policy was non in consequence he could claim it to be an accident and likely acquire off but since the zero tolerance policyis at that place, he will function clip no affair what. But yet I besides think even zero tolerance is excessively easy, the US. should convey back Capital Punishment because it makes you believe before you commit a offense. In other states, if you steal, they cut off your manus and that truly direct a message to all the felons that We are non traveling to take it any longer. So the nothing tolerance policy is really good measure in the condemnable justness war torward their major end, which in my head is capital penalty.

Understanding The Impact Of Informational Package Elements free essay sample

Packaging seems to be one of the most important factors in purchase decisions made at the point of sale (Prendergast and Pitt, 1996), where it becomes an essential part of the selling process (Rettie and Brewer, 2000). Munyadzi (2013) reveals the function of packaging has transformed over the years as it was solely used as a means of protecting the product and making sure that the product could be consumed without being altered as it is transported form one point to the other. The dynamic nature of the marketing environment has propelled packaging to have other functions that also act as powerful marketing tools (Mitchell 2003). Meanwhile, Kotler (2012) expressed packaging has been transformed to become one of the most important and powerful tools for promoting products, eye-catching the attention of prospective consumers and communicating the value of the brand to the target market. According to Stewart (2003), food product development and innovation continues to be seen as a fundamental strategy for competitive success and survival within a competitive global market. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding The Impact Of Informational Package Elements or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nowadays, many food retailers are facing a somewhat challenging scenario where the cost of marketing is also rising and it is becoming more difficult to maintain sales for brands that are not the first choice household name (Peters, 2004). In addition, consumers are becoming more demanding in terms of quality and choice and are constantly seeking a product tailored to their every want and need (Mitchell, 2003). Products are developed to, and indeed are expected by consumers to taste good; therefore, it is not surprising that consumers will increasingly make their initial choices based on aesthetic value (Dumaine, 1991). Thus, the question commonly faced by many food retailers is how to distinguish or differentiate their product from competing products. During the 1980s, UK food retailers began to enhance the pack design of their products, discovering that improvements in packaging design and product quality enabled them to compete directly with food manufacturers (Southgate, 1994). 1. 2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Packaging could be treated as one of most valuable tool in today’s marketing communications, necessitating more detail analysis of its elements an impact of those elements on consumer buying behavior. Analyzing an importance of its separate elements for consumer’s choice can reveal the impact of package its elements on consumer’s purchase decision. For this purpose main package’s elements could be identified into food label information (Ingredient, instruction, weight, expiry date, halal mark), brand element (brand name, slogan, logo, symbol) and nutrition information (protein, energy, vitamin, sugar, fat). The impact of package its elements on consumer’s purchase decision can be revealed by analyzing an importance of its separate elements for consumer’s choice. The aim of this study if to determine the impact of informational package elements toward consumer purchasing behavior for carbonated drinks product. So, the question is to what extent does, brand elements, nutritional elements, and food level information influence consumer buying decision among residents in Melaka Tengah towards carbonated drinks product. 1. 3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Based on the specific objectives above, this study seeks to find the answers for the following research questions. 1. Is there any significant relationship between the brand elements, nutritional elements, and food level information on the consumer buying decision? 2. What are the most effective packaging elements that can influences consumer to buy the product promoted? 1. 4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES General Objective The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the effect of packaging elements on consumer purchasing decision towards carbonated drinks. Specific Objectives 1. To measure the level of influential of packaging elements of carbonated drinks and its specific dimensions among Melaka Tengah Community. 2. To determine the relationship between independent variables (brand elements, nutritional elements, and food level information) and its specific elements toward consumer purchasing decisions among Melaka Tengah Community. 3. To indicates the most influential element that effect purchasing behavior of customer. 1. 5 HYPOTHESIS a) Brand Elements, H1 H1: Brand elements has a significant impact on consumer’ purchase decisions b) Nutritional Elements, H2 H2: Nutritional elements has a significant impact on consumer’ purchase decisions c) Food Level Information, H3 H3: Food level information has a significant impact on consumer’ purchase decisions 1. 6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The findings of this research will help the company to determine what the important key factor that influence consumer buying decision on carbonated drinks whether it is brand elements, nutritional elements, and food level information. Other than that, it is also help the management to make corrective action to increase the level of consumer buying decision and at the same time to improve the company’s performance in order to help them to be more competent in future. The result from the research will also help to enhance the body of knowledge which is to reinforce the existing and also develop new theory. The study also will help to get better understanding of the variables which have been used in this research 1. 7 LIMITATION OF STUDY The findings of this study have to be interpreted considering few limitations. Firstly, limitations include the time constraint. Due to other responsibility, the time given is limited to complete the research with prescribed time. To get a suitable topic that is related to the research, an enough time is needed in order to complete the research. A lot of time is required to know and fully understand about the problem as stated in many journal articles. To construct the questionnaires its required a quite long time to complete it because it needs to make an observation and by interview some people in that organization or company to get the accurate data about this research proposal. And also to ensure the words and meaning were made clear to every respondent, there is always a possibility that individual respondent might interpret the meanings of the questions differently from others. The last limitation is the cost constraint. As a researcher, we have limited sources of budget due to Internet fees, transportation and others. We need amount of money to get accurate information. This also causes by over budget, by doing a research they didn’t manage their sources or budget very well and its limits the research to conduct a survey in a large level. Since this research need us to make observation, interview and spreading out the questionnaire to the respondent, some cost might incur to conduct overall process. 2. 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES BRAND ELEMENTS Brand element according to Keller (2008) can be brought as many dimensions that differentiate them from other product designed to satisfy one need; these differences may be rational or tangible, or symbolic, emotional and intangible. Furthermore, whilst most brand practitioners argue that the package design is an important component of the brand strategy (Dadzie and Mensah, 2011), literature on packaging information (Silayoi and Speece, 2004; Estiri et. al 2010) tends to view the brand elements as a key ingredient of the product informational package elements. The proponents of branding position that in the consumers’ mind, a well known brand can be dependent upon and consumers tend to perceive the quality of the products based on the brand strategy (Aaker, 1991). One of the brand elements is brand name where substitutions have become a frequent phenomenon, and companies confronted with rebranding are often mentioned in the business press (Muzellec and Lambkin, 2009). Brand name substitution consists of changing the name of a product or service which is marketed by a company (Muzellec and Lambkin, 2006; Muzellec and Lambkin, 2007). Next is a slogan, according to Rogers (2008) the acceptance of the concept of purchasing infused drinks from any outlet by the young consumers’ signals a form of social change or lifestyle. The slogan falls under brands element said that slogan can possess an idea worthy to consumer loyalty Martinez, 2004). Other part that contributes under brand element is name and logo gives contribute to a key component of brand identity, since they are the most pervasive elements in corporate and brand communications, and provide instant recognition of the brand (Schechter, 1993; Henderson and Cote, 1998). In this context, as a brand identity sign, a logo can refer to a variety of graphic or typeface elements, ranging from word-driven, i. e. including word marks or stylized letter marks, through to image-driven, i. e. including pictorial marks (Henderson and Cote, 1998; Wheeler, 2003). More recently, Walsh et al. (2010, 2011) examined consumer responses to logo shape redesigns (from angular to more rounded shapes). Theorists agree that well-designed logos should be recognizable, evoke positive affect and allow the transmission of a set of shared associations (Kohli, 2002). Lastly, a symbol under brand element shows that according to Smelser (1973) an object which is representation of a different entity. Moreover, Hostetler (1964) said that this elements can be defined as a symbol as a â€Å"visible object† that is representative of an idea. Symbols can also be representative of the worldview of a social or cultural group (White, 1949) and therefore be presented in art form; for example through architecture (Ikebude, 2009). NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION Nutrition elements are one of label that contain at carbonated drinks. According to Dougherty (2006). Most consumers would like to see nutrition information at places where they go out to eat; however, only limited research has explored how well this information is understood by consumers and which consumers may be most likely to use menu labels in making decisions about what to purchase. Nutrition labelling reduces consumers’ intentions to purchase items high in calories and fat, especially when there is a greater discrepancy between the perceived content and actual content. Loureiro et al (2006) found that consumers were willing to pay approximately 11% higher for a box of cookies with a nutritional label than one without such a label. One of the nutrition elements are energy. If products have no special labelling or have a number of complex methods of indicating the energy contents of that product, the actual energy contents can vary dramatically across a range of similar products (Fineli 2011). Understanding what the energy contents of a product might be is then dependent on a consumers skill and knowledge in interpreting this information (Drichoutis et al. 2006). Another elements of nutrition elements are vitamins. Women are more concerned about the low fat of the products as safety of the food. On the contrary, men are concerned about the necessary vitamins, freshness and label information whereas both are concerned about expiry date as most important aspect toward food safety. In the present context, information on negative nutrients, such as fat, may be more salient than information on positive nutrients, such as vitamins (Burton,1993). Motivation to search for information is greater when consumers are provided with highly arousing negative consequences and specific ways to minimise them (Moorman, 1990). Sugar also one of the elements in nutrition. According to Blisard (1994) These concern have also been fuelled by recent consumer group studies, which have stirred controversy about whether added sugar and starches compromise nutrition. A slightly smaller percentage,74 percent, indicated that they had heard about health problems associated with consuming excessive amounts of sugars. Protein also been classified as one of nutrition elements. Whey and soy proteins contributed different sensory properties to the beverages and bars. In blinded comparisons, consumers preferred bars and beverages with whey or mixtures of whey and soy protein to applications with soy protein alone. The consumer perception of these proteins when specifically labelled as such in bars and beverages was not addressed (Childs et al,2007). The last element in nutrition are fat content. According to Kim (2000) , consumers who used nutrition labels tend to consume less calories from fat and saturated fat ,and to eat a diet low in fat (Finke 2000). In addition, consumers evaluated food products displaying nutrition labels as more valuable than non-labelled products. (Loureiro, 2006). FOOD LABEL INFORMATION Food labels are the prime channel for information dissemination between food producers and retailers, and the consumers of food products (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization (FAO, WHO), 2001). Other that, they contain various information elements which can be classified into different categories: for example, mandatory (Her Majesty’s Government, 1996) and commercial (McIlveen and Semple, 2002). According to Doi (2007) Halal is a Quranic term that means permitted, allowed, lawful or legal. Its opposite is Haram (forbidden, unlawful or illegal). In Islam and according to Shariah (Islamic Law), all issues concerning Halal or Haram and even all disputes should be referred to Quran and Sunnah (prophetic tradition). Furthermore a trust mark (Halal logo) can be placed on the Halal products for Muslims to know that the product is Halal (Cheng, 2008). Research has shown although current Halal standards regulate food production, preparation, handling and storage to some degree, it does not ensure that the product is Halal at the point of consumption (Tieman, 2006). Harcar and Karakaya (2005) found that consumers were most likely to check expiration dates prior to purchasing a product if the expiration dates were easily found and that consumers ceased checking the dates if they had difficulty finding them. They speculated that the size, color, or font, as well as placement on product packages, could contribute to the consumer’s difficulty in locating the date. According to the 1990 Food Marketing Institute’s Trends Survey, 72% of people check product expiration dates and women are more inclined to check than men (Mueller,1991, as cited in Harcar Karakaya, 2005). Pepsi CO Inc. (1981) shows that soft drink manufacturers justi? ed adding caffeine to soft drinks on the basis that caffeine was a ? avor enhancer. If caffeine had not been accepted as a ? avor enhancer, but had been regarded as a psychoactive ingredient, soft drinks might have been regulated by the FDA as drugs. However, the FDA approved caffeine and limited the maximum caffeine content of cola-type soft drinks to 0. 02% caffeine, or 71 mg/12 ? uid oz (Food and Drug Administration, 2003). Previous studies have already investigated the heavier weight that negative, as compared with positive information, has on the impression formation process (Fiske, 1980; Mizerski, 1982). In order to minimize this potential negative effect of the product recall message on consumer behaviour, the company making a product recall should emphasize that it is taking action in a socially responsible manner (Mowen et al. , 1981). According to Mowen (1980), using an experimental approach, manipulated variables as consumer knowledge of the company making the product recall, whether or not the company was compelled to make the recall by a consumer product safety commission, and whether or not other manufacturers had had a similar defect. Products that are innovations â€Å"New-to-the-world products revolutionize existing product categories, or define wholly new ones† (Crawford et al. , 2003). Furthermore, these new products may include an innovative technology and require consumer instruction (Cooper, 2011). 2. 2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFORMATIONAL PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND CONSUMER PURCHASING BEHAVIOUR Despite the availability of numerous researches on the impact of informational package elements on consumer purchase behaviour, there seems to be no agreement on how consumers will react to different socio-cultural set-ups. In this study, the following informational elements: brand elements, nutritional information and food labels are going to be broken down so that the sub variables will be examined to see how they influence the purchase behaviour of university students. The outlined informational elements are divided as follows: brand elements (brand name, slogans, Logos, symbols and flavour), nutritional information (energy, protein, fat, vitamins, fibre, calcium and sugar) and food label information (instruction of use, expiry date, weight/volume, ingredients and storage conditions). The ultimate findings would then be employed by marketing managers to develop best fitting strategies on how best they may manipulate consumer purchase behaviour through the use of informational package elements. The following model is drawn using basis upon which our hypo theses are crafted. 2. 3 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK H1 H2 H3 3. 0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN This study is a quantitative research study. This study is designed to use a descriptive correlation design to investigate the differences in means and frequency distribution of job satisfaction, the dependent variable and the selected independent variable and its dimensions. Firstly, the dependent and the independent variables are identified. Then, the measurement scales of the identified variables is sought and determined. Before the measurement scales is used, the validity and reliability of the scales will be assessed. Secondly, a representative sample is selected to represent the population of the study so that the results of the study could be generalized to the population at large. Next, the data were collected from the sample using the validated and reliable research instrument. After the data is collected, it will be analyzed using a combination of statistical analyses such as descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Among the descriptive statistics used will be frequency distribution, measures of central tendency and measures of variability. Correlation analysis is used to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Further clarification of data collection and data analysis procedures will be presented in the later part of this chapter. 3. 2 MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION Questionnaires are used as a research instrument to collect data from the respondents identified for this study. The questionnaires consist on the effectiveness of main package’s label information (Ingredient, instruction, weight, expiry date, halal mark), brand element (brand name, slogan, logo, symbol) and nutrition information (protein, energy, vitamin, sugar, fat) towards the consumer buying decision. 3. 3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY Almost all scientific method of research obtain their information from the respondents who provide the information and they are called population. With this assumption, the populations of the respondents for this research consist of consumer who drinks carbonated drinks in Melaka Tengah . In this study, 80 respondents will be chosen from population consisting of 40 males and 40 females. 3. 4 SAMPLING The sample size is 80 respondents. The sampling frame is a physical representation of all the elements in the population from which the sample is drawn. In this research a randomly 80 respondents will be chosen at Dataran Pahlawan at Mynews. com retail outlet because it is one of the outlet that sells carbonated drinks that also have high visitors. The main reason to sample is to save time and money. 3. 5 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES This research used self administrated questionnaire for collecting data. Using self report paper pen, straight answer questionnaire techniques, consumer will be asked to rate their preference on a five point Likert scale on which they are to indicate whether items are â€Å"strongly disagree†, â€Å"disagree†, â€Å"neutral†, â€Å"agree† and â€Å"strongly agree† characteristics of themselves. Dichotomous scale that used elicits a Yes or No, Category scale that used multiple items to elicit a single response. In Multiple-Choices Questions, respondents will ask to select one or more of the alternative given. In the questionnaire, multiple-choices questions were asked in section 1 (Demographic Information). 3. 6 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES 1) Descriptive statistic According to Leary (2001), descriptive statistics is a powerful tool to describe and understand the data so that they can be easily comprehended by others. The descriptive statistics employed in this study were as followed: (1) To measures of central tendency; (2) To measures of variability; and (3) frequency distribution. These statistics were used to extract and summarize quantitative information from the sample. Measures of central tendency helped to find a single index that could represent the whole set of measure. This study utilized the mean or average to describe the data in terms of average values. Mean was chosen because the variables investigated in this study such as the dependent variable (work motivation, organizational commitment and corporate culture) and the independent variable (job satisfaction) were all interval data. This study also employed the most commonly used measure of variability and standard deviation to find out the dispersion or variability of the data set. Since it is also an interval statistic as the mean, it could be used to describe the degree of dispersion of all the interval variables (dependent and the independent variables). Frequency distribution was used to extract important features of the quantitative data of the study. The original data collected were group and presented in a summarized form by constructing appropriate tables and charts. 2) Correlation statistic According to Ary, et al. (1996), correlation statistic is a statistical technique used to measure the strength of the association or co-variation that exists between two quantitative variables. The strength of the relationship between two variables is measured by the coefficient of correlation, r, whose values may range from -1 to +1. If the direction of the relationship between two variables is positive, it means that high scores of one variable are associated with high scores of another variable and vice versa. When there is a relationship, correlation coefficient can also determine the strength of the relationship whether the variables have a strong relationship or a weak relationship. The closeness of the correlation coefficient to one implies a strong relationship between the two variables. When the correlation coefficient is zero, there is no correlation between the two variables. In this study, Elifson, Runyon, and Haber (1998) rule of the thumb was used to interpret the strength of the relationship (Table 1). Table 1: Criteria for Interpreting Strength of Relationship between Two Variables r value Strength of Relationship 0. 01 – 0. 30 Weak; Almost negligible relationship 0. 31 – 0. 70 Moderate; substantial relationship 0. 71 – 0. 99 Strong; marked relationship 1. 00 Perfect relationship 0 No relationship Source: Elifson, Runyon Haber, 1998 This study used Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of correlation (Pearson r) developed by Karl Pearson as the correlation index. This index was chosen because this index can only be used when the scale of measurement for the variables is interval or ratio (Runyon, Haber, Pittenger, and Coleman 2000). Furthermore, Pearson Correlation Coefficient is also an appropriate measure of relationship between two variables when the quantitative variables are normally distributed. It can also provide a meaningful index for indicating relationship, with the sign of the coefficient indicating the direction of the relationship, and the differences between the coefficient and zero indicating the degree of the relationship 4. 0 REFERENCES Aaker, D. A. (1991). Managing Brand Equity. The Free Press, New York. Benokraitis, N. V. and Ravelli, B. (Eds), Seeing Ourselves (Canadian Edition), Pearson Prentice-Hall, Toronto, pp. 32-6. Blisard, N. , J. Blaylock, and D. Smallwood. (1994). Dietary Fiber Effects of Socioeconomic Characteristics and Knowledge. Technical Bulletin 1840, search Services US.. Department of Agriculture Burton, S. , Biswas, A. and Netemeyer, R. (1994), Effects of alternative nutrition label formats and nutrition reference information on consumer perceptions, comprehension and product evaluations’’, Journal of Public Policy andMarketing, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 36-47. Cheng, P. L. K. 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Modals in Different Varieties of English

Modals in Different Varieties of English Introduction The modern use of some words can be considered wrong though the changes that are natural for the language take place and should be treated as the transitional period in formation of new grammar and vocabulary. In this respect, I would like to analyse the use of modal words and modal verbs in different varieties of English by contemporary speakers comparing those with the results received a few decades earlier.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Modals in Different Varieties of English specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More So, I would like to trace the relation between the origin of speakers and their ability to use modals correctly taking into account the current situation in the language environment and the one that occurred a few decades earlier with regard to the varieties of British and American English in different age groups. Aim and Scope The main purpose of this paper consists in investigating t he use of modal verbs and expressions in different varieties of English language including mostly the difference between American and British English. Besides, it is necessary to analyse the peculiarities of use of modals by teenagers and children with the help of examples from different corpora of English language. These corpora include examples of speech from different settings and origins including different age groups, namely children and teenagers, various sources of information such as documents and newspaper articles. One of the major peculiarities of these corpora is the variety of genres including press reportage, editorials, reviews of books and music, letters, periodicals, catalogues and reports as well as fiction, science fiction, adventure, humour, and romance. Every source will be analysed with regard to the frequency of use of modals in different functions and shifts in the meaning conveyed with the help of modals that can be observed in terms of the period to which t he examples refer. Besides, it is also necessary to investigate how children and teenagers were affected by changes in the meaning and the frequency of use of modals by adults and teenagers/children. Previous Work As a rule, linguists investigate the most interesting aspects of the language usage in terms of results of the researches to be used in practice. In this respect, the changes that occurred in the use of modals can be related to the shifts in preferences of using modals and quasi-modals. Besides, population of different continents uses modals and quasi-modals with different frequency as well as representatives of different generations. Moreover, the results of the research can be influenced by the origin of the example taking into account the oral speech and written language because the genre to which the example is referred characterises the formality.Advertising Looking for research paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, formal language is supposed to contain more modals whereas informal language is sure to contain more quasi-modals and fewer modals. As reported by Collins, the shift in the use of modals can be seen while comparing the results from British and American English-speaking population in the early 1960s and in the early 1990s respectively (7). These findings analyse the figures presented in studies by Leech (2003), smith (2003), and Mair and Leech (2006) who investigated the changes that took place in the use of modals taking into account American and British varieties of English language. Every member of the society has a right to express his/her thoughts in different ways. The variety of ways can be seen from the COLT corpus that includes Bergen Corpus of London Teenage English being a vivid representation of variety of nonverbal means of communication among teenagers and communication of teenagers with members of their families including other sibl ings and parents, teachers, and strangers. As a rule, teenagers use more informal language when they communicate with peers; this variant of communication differs greatly from the language used by teenagers with parents and teachers. However, the main aim of the current research is to investigate the frequency of use of different modals and quasi-modals and the percentage of use taking into account modals and quasi-modals ratio in the American corpus primarily. As suggested by Krug, the attention to quasi-modals is not sufficient in terms of scholarly articles and researches conducted on this issue (1). The researcher analyses the modals and quasi-modals with regard to their grammaticalization and categories typical for modals: â€Å"the most salient determinants in the present case are almost certainly phonological form, morphosyntactic properties and discourse frequency of potential category members† (Krug 3). Though many researchers have compared and contrasted the frequen cy of using different parts of speech and various phrases and word combinations by native speakers of English with regard to different dialects and genres, it is still necessary to investigate the number of modal used in different periods with regard to information from the Corpus of historical American English, contemporary situation with regard to the information from the Corpus of contemporary American English, and contrast the number of modals used by Americans with the one used by users of the British variety of English with regard to the information from the British national corpus. In other words, the current research is focused on the analysis of data from these three corpora using the theoretical background about the use of modals from researches conducted by other scholars. Material The nature of the primary research consists in choosing modals for analysis and comparing the frequency of use of modals in sources of different genres and in spoken language taking into accoun t the situation in American variety of English a hundred years earlier and contemporary situation. I have used the corpora of English language to investigate the frequency of use of modals in different varieties of English though the primary purpose of the research was to compare and contrast the findings from the British variant of English and American variant of English with regard to the historical development of the latter.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Modals in Different Varieties of English specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this respect, the most influential limitation was the lack of information on the historical development of the British variant of English over a long period of time. As the changes in the American variant of English could be explored from 1810 to 2000, the changes in the British variant of English could be explored only regarding the results from two last decades dating from 1 990 till 2010. Though I used the modals and quasi-modals that are typical of the English language with regard to all varieties of the language, I faced the difficulties concerning the variety of combinations that were typical of the modals and quasi-modals. In other words, further research could focus on the combinations of other parts of speech with modals and the nature of expressions in terms of mood (imperative or subjunctive) and the attitude of the author of the utterance. So, the main sources of data include the Corpus of Contemporary American English, the Corpus of Historical American English, and the British National Corpus. I used the Corpus of Contemporary American English to see the frequency of occurrence of different modals in spoken language, fiction, articles from magazines, newspaper articles, and academic sources with regard to the period (1990-2010) to which the use refers. The Corpus of Historical American English provides researchers with a richer variety of res ults as it includes the examples of speech dating from 1810 till 2000. In this respect, I was able to analyse the frequency of use of modals in different periods of time with regard to the sources they appeared in, including fiction, non-fiction, magazines, and news. This information enabled me to conduct a research on a great variety of issues concerning the use of word and the peculiarities of word choice for different sources such as fiction and non-fiction. Besides, it is possible to analyse the percentage of the appearance of modals in fiction and non-fiction. One of the limitations, in this regard, concerns the historical approach that, if used, could explain the frequency of use of certain words due to changes in the country and the world including economical factors, social and cultural development, and shift in lifestyle and values of the population. The British National Corpus provides researchers with the information on the variety of different word combinations. In this respect, I was able to investigate the frequency of using modals in different setting in terms of the genre and parts of speech with which the modal occurred. The queries could be limited in terms of written and spoken language inserted into examples. In other words, the research turned out to be full of unexpected limitations. To be more exact, the limitations should have been imposed into the research mode so that I could get the clear data for analysis at the end of the investigation. However, this was not doe at the beginning of the research; so, I had to limit the number of queries and choose more objective and universal samples from all three corpora. In other words, the choice of data was likely to affect the results in an important way if the number of queries is not restricted.Advertising Looking for research paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Method Though the comparative analysis of the use of modals and quasi-modals was conducted by Mair and Leech (2006), it is necessary to view the frequency of use of certain modals and quasi-modals that were reported to have the lowest difference in American and British variants of English. In other words, the study is based on the findings by Mair and Leech (2006) who managed to identify the use of modals and quasi-modals in examples provided by American and British English language corpora. In this respect, the issue of primary importance is the decline of use of modals and increase in the number of quasi-modals used in the late twentieth – early twenty-first century. Though modals were used more frequently at the beginning of the reported period and the frequency of their use declined toward the end of the reported period, the frequency of use of quasi-modals was just the opposite and it increased toward the end of the same period. I searched for the frequency of use of the modals shall and should and quasi-modals be supposed to and need to. First, I entered the modal should into the entry boxes of all three corpora mentioned above including the Corpus of Contemporary American English, the Corpus of Historical American English, and the British National Corpus. This enabled me to see the changes in the use of the modal in a short period of time in the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the British National Corpus; also, I could trace more obvious changes in the frequency of use of the modal with the help of queries made through the Corpus of Historical American English. The next step I took was the same procedure with the modal shall, and quasi-modals be supposed to and need to. The final stage of the research presupposed analysis of data and relevant conclusion made on the basis of the findings. In this respect, I was able to see the changes that took place in the use of modals that were previously reported to have similar changes in both var ieties of English including British and American variants and quasi-modals that were previously reported to have a greater difference in changes in these two variants of English language. As reported by Mair and Leech, the modal shall was used less frequently by people who used the British variant of English (-43.7% compared to the data received in 1960s) and by people who used the American variant of English language (-43.8%). Similar changes can be observed with regard to the frequency of use of the modal should (-11.8% of British and -13.5% of American). The quasi-modals were used more frequently compared to the period of 1960s when the first set of data was received. Thus, the quasi-modal be supposed to was used more frequently in the British variant (+113.6%) and in the American variant (+6.3%) which shows a great difference in the variants. The quasi-modal need to was used more often as well (+249% in British and +123% in American). Results and Analysis The first set of data c omes from the comparison of styles and genres used by the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the British National Corpus. The following figure suggests the data received from the British National Corpus. Figure 1: Frequency of use of the modal should represented by the results from the British National Corpus. Section/use per million spoken fiction magazine newspaper non-acad academic miscellaneous 9,724.94 7,015.77 8,241.27 7,571.64 8,142.98 10,221.98 11,257.89 Key: non-acad – is the set of non-academic sources whereas written and spoken are not clearly differentiated. Thus, the British National Corpus provided the information concerning the genres and styles typical for the use of modal should. I turned out that the modal should is used more frequently in spoken language, in academic sources and in sources considered miscellaneous. These results enabled me to conclude that the frequency of the use of the modal should is still very high with regard to the r eported decline of the use. The next step concerned the use of the same modal traced with the help of the Corpus of Contemporary American English. Figure 2: Frequency of use of the modal should represented by the results from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. Section/use per million spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 930.65 622.75 721.51 657.63 897.18 Though the non-academic and miscellaneous sources are not identified as separate subgenres, it is necessary to show that the difference between the British and the American variants is still very high as 9,724.94 words per million in the British variant is much larger than 930.65 words per million in the American variant of English. In this respect, the difference is already obvious though it is necessary to see the situation that occurred in the frequency of use of the modal should with the help of the results from the Corpus of Historical American English. This corpus enables me to claim that the frequency of use of the modal should declined greatly while comparing the results from different decades during the entire nineteenth century and the entire twentieth century. In this respect, the most frequently the modal should was used in the period of 1820s though even then the use of this modal was not as large as the current situation in the British variant of English as there was an average number of 1,649.88 words per million whereas the use of the same modal in the contemporary British variant of English equals an average figure of 7,423.46 words per million. The next modal that was analysed is shall. The first corpus that should be discussed in this section is the Corpus of Historical American English which provides us with the picture showing changes in the frequency of use of the modal shall comparing the nineteenth and twentieth century. In this respect, we can see that the decline is great, especially while comparing the results on the frequency of use of the modal shall in the early nineteenth century and the ones from the late twentieth century. Thus the results from the 1810s equal 1,924.31 words per million whereas the same figure is much smaller for the period of 1990-2000 (53.27 words per million). It is also notable that the most frequently the modal shall was used in fiction and in academic sources whereas spoken language, examples from magazines and newspapers show smaller frequency of the use of the modal shall. Figure 3: Frequency of use of the modal shall represented by the results from the British National Corpus. Section/use per million spoken fiction magazine newspaper non-acad academic miscellaneous 2,195.98 2,310.60 315.07 330.20 1,160.58 2,139.88 2,024.27 This figure shows that the results differ greatly with regard to the use of the modal shall in the American and in British variants of English. At the same time, the results concerning the genre of use partially coincide for two variants of English language though the British s poken language as well as examples from miscellaneous sources demonstrates the same or similar frequency as the ones from fiction and academic sources as well as in the American variant of English. Figure 4: Frequency of use of the modal should represented by the results from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. Section/use per million spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 22.59 70.29 21.88 14.03 63.93 The results received from the Corpus of Contemporary American English are similar to those reported concerning the use of the Corpus of Historical American English where the use of the modal shall prevailed in fiction and academic sources while it was the least frequent in examples from newspapers (14.03 words per million). This figure can be compared to the results from the same genres for the British variant of English language where the frequency of use of the modal shall equals 2,310.60 words per million and 2,139.88 words per million for the academic sources . The next unit for analysis was the frequency of use of the quasi-modal be supposed to in British and American variants of English. It is necessary to note that this quasi-modal was analysed in terms of pure entries (supposed to was analysed in queries in order to ensure that all variants are included be supposed to, is supposed to, are supposed to, am supposed to, ‘m supposed to, ‘re supposed to, etc.) In this respect, the results for entry supposed to differed greatly for the initial entry be supposed to. As this imposed some limitation on the analysis, I decided to restrict results to the absolute queries that were supposed to include all potentially relevant results. The results from the Corpus of Historical American English enable us to see that the obvious changes started in the 1930s when the frequency of use of the quasi-modal supposed to was characterised with the 43.21 words per million whereas every coming decade showed increased frequency of use of this qua si-modal leading to the results of 98.32 words per million for the period of 2000s. One of the most notable features of the frequency of use of the quasi-modal supposed to concerns the sources of examples as in all periods reported in the Corpus of Historical American English, spoken language provided us with the most frequent use of this quasi-modal. The results received from the Corpus of Contemporary American English differ slightly from the ones in the Corpus of Historical American English. Thus, we can see the difference from the figure: Figure 5: Frequency of use of the quasi-modal supposed to represented by the results from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. Section/use per million spoken fiction magazine newspaper academic 103.92 121.42 53.12 60.82 24.80 This figure shows that the main sources where the frequency of the use of the quasi-modal supposed to was higher than in the spoken language is the fiction. The results from the British National Corpus are similar to the situation presented in the Corpus of Historical American English where spoken language shows the highest frequency of use of the quasi-modal supposed to. The final unit for analysis is the quasi-modal need to; as reported by Mair and Leech, the use of this quasi-modal increased dramatically with regard to the results from 1960s compared to the contemporary situation. We can clearly see the frequency of use of the quasi-modal need to with the help of results from the Corpus of Historical American English where the lowest frequency can be observed in the period of 1810s (2.54 words per million) while the highest frequency of use is typical of the period of 2000s (211.14 words per million). Figure 6: Frequency of use of the quasi-modal need to represented by the results from the British National Corpus. Section/use per million spoken fiction magazine newspaper non-acad academic miscellaneous 2,555.89 1,028.71 1,589.51 873.46 1,438.18 1,840.44 1,882.11 This figu re shows that the use of the quasi-modal need to was the most frequent in the spoken variant of the British English whereas the average frequency is about 1,601.19 words per million which is twice as high as the frequency of use of this quasi-modal in newspapers and is almost 1.5 as low as the frequency of use of the quasi-modal need to in spoken language. The results received from the Corpus of Contemporary American English provide us with the information similar to the one from the British National corpus which enables us to conclude that the frequency of use of the quasi-modal need to increased compared to the beginning of the early nineteenth century. Conclusion The use of modal words and combinations has changed over the last hundred years with regard to the data from the British national corpus (BNC), Corpus of Contemporary American English, and Corpus of Historical American English as the sources of primary research materials. Besides, it is necessary to note that the use of the modals shall and should differs from the changes in the frequency of use of quasi-modals supposed to and need to. In other words, the data from the corpora demonstrates certain tendencies when the frequency of use of modals declines contrasted to the frequency of use of quasi-modals which increases. The most obvious changes concern the spoken language where the use of quasi-modals supposed to and need to is higher than in all other genres and sources of data. However, the quasi-modal supposed to is reported to be frequently used in fiction rather than in spoken language according to the results received from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. At the same time, the frequency of use of the modals shall and should tends to decline compared to the results received in the early nineteenth century. Collins, Peter. Modals and Quasi-Modals in English. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2009. Print. Facchinetti, Roberta, Manfred G. Krug, and Frank Robert Palmer (Eds.). Modality in Contemporar y English. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2003. Krug, Manfred G. Emerging English modals: a corpus-based study of grammaticalization. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2000. Mair, Christian, and Geoffrey Leech. â€Å"Current Changes in English Syntax.† 2006. Accessed from https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/doc_library/linguistics/leechg/mai_and_leech_2006.pdf.